molt defect vs WBbt:0004017

Niclosamide treatment inhibited ACC tumor growth with no observed toxicity in mice in vivo Our findings suggest that niclosamide has anti-ACC activity through its inhibition of multiple altered cellular pathways and cellular metabolism in ACC.

Reducing food intake to induce undernutrition but not malnutrition extends the life spans of multiple species, ranging from single-celled organisms to mammals.

Despite requiring IL-25 for induction, memory ILC2s maintained an activated state in the absence of multiple alarmins and supported mucosal resilience while avoiding adverse sensitization to chronic inflammation, revealing a pathway for deploying innate immune cells to coordinate a distributed mucosal defense.

Despite requiring IL-25 for induction, effector-memory ILC2s maintained an activated state in the absence of multiple alarmins and supported mucosal resilience while avoiding adverse sensitization to chronic inflammation, revealing a pathway for deploying innate immune cells to coordinate a distributed mucosal defense.

Schistosomes are multi-cellular eukaryotes with a complex life-cycle that require genes to be expressed and regulated precisely.

Normal development of multicellular organisms is regulated by a highly complex process in which a set of precursor cells proliferate, differentiate and move, forming over time a functioning tissue.

Genetically mediated proteasome activation in multicellular organisms has been shown to promote longevity and to exert protein antiaggregation activity.

Multicellular organisms must regulate their growth across the diverse length scales of biological organization, but how this growth is controlled from organelle to body, while coordinating interdependent functions at each scale, remains poorly understood.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are toxic oxygen-containing molecules that can damage multiple components of the cell and have been proposed to be the primary cause of aging.

They further shed light on how the temporally controlled reversible phosphorylation of phosphoinositides regulates the progression of multi-step cellular events.

Transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans regulate multiple aspects of cell behavior, but the molecular basis of their signaling is unresolved.

C. elegans has served as a genetically tractable multicellular model system to examine DNA damage-induced genotoxic stress which threatens genome integrity.

Multicellular organisms have evolved an arsenal of host-defense molecules, including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), aimed at controlling microbial proliferation and at modulating the host's immune response to a variety of biological or physical insults.

α-Tubulin acetyltransferase 1 (αTAT1) controls reversible acetylation on Lys40 of α-tubulin and modulates multiple cellular functions. αTAT1 depletion induced morphological defects of touch receptor neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans and impaired cell adhesion and contact inhibition in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, however, no morphological or proliferation defects in human RPE-hTERT cells were found after αTAT1-specific siRNA treatment.

Activation of glycogen synthase kinase3β (GSK3β), an enzyme that regulates a multitude of cellular signaling pathways, is implicated in neurodegenerative processes observed in an array of CNS diseases.

In addition, ivermectin induces the multidrug resistance protein (MDR), has potent anti-mitotic activity, targets angiogenesis and inhibits cancer stem-like cells (CSCs).

Our results also suggest that Rac GTPase activity is controlled by different GEFs in distinct axon guidance contexts, explaining how Rac GTPases can specifically control multiple cellular functions.

In probing the mechanism, it was observed that GA treatment suppressed the expression and efflux activity of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1), two host ABC transporters responsible for antimony efflux from host cells infected with SAG-resistant parasites.

Multiple 5-HT receptor subtypes are expressed in the CA3 region of the hippocampus and high doses of 5-HT reduce the power of induced gamma oscillations.Hypothesizing that 5-HT may have cell- and receptor subtype-specific modulatory effects, we investigated the receptor subtypes, cell types and cellular mechanisms engaged by 5-HT in the modulation of gamma oscillations in mice and rats.

Regulated cadherin trafficking also makes these complexes amazingly dynamic, with permissive and instructive consequences on multicellular development.

In the present study we show that a multi-purpose drug suramin inhibits Wnt signalling and proliferation of TNBC cells in vitro and in mouse models, inhibiting a component in the upper levels of the pathway.

It also induces apoptosis through caspase-dependent and mitochondria-independent pathways in multiple NPC cell lines.

In this study, we examined the role of AtCHIP, an evolutionarily conserved E3 ligase that was known to interact with chaperones including HSP90s in multicellular organisms including fruit fly, Caenorhabditis elegans, plants and human.

Although multiple signaling pathways modulated by ivermectin have been identified in tumor cells, few studies have focused on the exact target of ivermectin.

We previously found that TGF-β induces and then depends on the acetylation of transcription factor KLF5 at K369 to regulate multiple biological processes, including the induction of EMT, cellular invasiveness, and bone metastasis.

In this study, based on the drug repositioning strategy, we found that albendazole (ABZ), a broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug, selectively suppresses the proliferation of multiple myeloma cells in vitro and in vivo and decreases number of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)-positive MMSCs in MM.

We found that Aβ significantly induced multiple AD-related phenotypes, including increased expression/production of pro-inflammatory cytokines from microglial cells, enhanced cellular and mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species, promoted mitochondrial fission, inhibited mitochondrial fusion, suppressed mitophagy or biogenesis in both cell types, stimulated apoptosis of neuronal cells, and microglia-induced killing of neurons.

Multiple myeloma stem cell-like cells (MMSCs), a rare population of MM cells, are believed to be the major cause of drug resistance and high recurrence rates in patients with MM.

Network-based approaches in drug discovery comprise both development of novel drugs interacting with multiple targets and repositioning of drugs with known targets to form novel drug combinations that interact with cellular or molecular networks whose function is disturbed in a disease.

Transcriptional regulation, a primary mechanism for controlling the development of multicellular organisms, is carried out by transcription factors (TFs) that recognize and bind to their cognate binding sites.

Its anticancer activity is partly attributed to the induction of multiple regulated cell death pathways, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis, alongside transcriptomic changes identified by bulk RNA sequencing across different cancer types.

This multifunctional nanosystem can target osteocytes to release PL as controlled by pH, decreasing osteocytic RANKL expression synergistically through the structural simulation of adenosine phosphate, which competitively inhibits the phosphorylation of osteocytic protein kinase-a, cAMP-response element binding protein, extracellular regulated protein kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase.

We show that ivermectin significantly inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in multiple RCC cell lines that represent different histological subtypes and various mutation status.

We previously reported that simultaneous down-regulation of both β-catenin and KRAS was necessary to induce significant cell death and tumor growth inhibition of colorectal cancer cells.

We also showed that niclosamide effectively inhibits activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by targeting multiple components of this pathway, including downregulating the expression β-catenin, Dishevelled 2 (DVL2), phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β (p-GSK3β) and Cyclin D1, in human OSCC SCC4 and SCC25 cell lines, as well as reduced the formation of primary and secondary tumorspheres.

The results of these assays showed that artesunate inhibits multiplication of epimastigotes (IC50 = 50, 6.10 and 23 µM, respectively) and intracellular amastigotes (IC50 = 15, 0.12 and 6.90 µM, respectively), indicating that it represents a potent anti-T. cruzi compound in terms of inhibiting parasite multiplication in vitro.

DNA damage-induced multiple recombination was studied by cotransforming yeast cells with pairs of nonreplicating plasmids carrying different genetic markers.

Especially, compound 8k inhibited the proliferation of multiple cancer cells, but showed little toxicity on normal cells.

PAT1 is required for multiple cell cycle events, including passage through START, DNA synthesis, and proper mitosis through a microtubule-mediated process.

Taking into account that multidrug resistance (MDR) is the main cause for chemotherapeutic failure in cancer treatment, the ability of novel histamine H3 receptor ligands to reverse the cancer MDR was evaluated, using the ABCB1 efflux pump inhibition assay in mouse MDR T-lymphoma cells.

Simultaneously carbendazim has also been found to inhibit proliferation of mammalian tumor cells specifically drug and multidrug resistant cell lines.

Cisplatin activates multiple signal transduction pathways involved in coordinating cellular responses to stress.

Since the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR)-mediated loop is relevant to the growth of osteosarcoma, we analyzed the activity of the IGF-IR-blocking antibody alphaIR3 in both sensitive and multidrug-resistant osteosarcoma cell lines.

The ability of Ran to independently regulate multiple cellular processes in vivo is demonstrated by showing that (i) eight different transport-competent RanGEF (guanine nucleotide exchange factor) mutants have defects in mitotic spindle formation; (ii) the RanGEF temperature-sensitive mutant pim1-d1 has abnormal actin ring structures at the septum.

The ASK1 regulated the sensitivity of Fusarium to carbendazim (a benzimidazole carbamate fungicide), and multiple cellular processes, such as chromatin separation, conidiation and sexual production.

Our data demonstrate that a single lesion can cause multiple unique genomic rearrangements, and that alternative end joining enables cells to proliferate in the presence of mitotically inherited replication blocks.

HIV-1-induced formation of multinucleated giant cells and single cell killing were dramatically reduced in the presence of micromolar concentrations of hygromycin B.

Simultaneous addition of both forskolin and phosphodiesterase inhibitors prevented the kainate-induced cell death in an additive manner.

The modular design of components has facilitated the development of multiple systems that can be used to readily generate cell lines in which basal expression of the target gene is low and induced to high levels by a nontoxic dimerizer.

However, PCD is thought to have evolved not only to regulate growth and development in multicellular organisms but also to have a functional role in the biology of unicellular organisms.

In this study we explored the potential immunological events for therapeutic efficacy of photopheresis in preventing allograft rejection by evaluating in vitro the combined effects of 8-MOP and UVA (PUVA) on multiple immunological parameters, such as induction of apoptosis, production of soluble mediators, and expression of cell antigens.

In this work, a biodegradable and multicompartmental HG composed of N-isopropylacrylamide, cellulose, citric acid, and ceric ammonium nitrate was developed for the controlled release of hydrophilic (doxorubicin) and hydrophobic (niclosamide) drugs.

QA transport from the basolateral to apical side in multidrug resistance protein 1 gene (MDR1)-transfected Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells was markedly greater than in control MDCK cells and was inhibited by the potent P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor GG918 (N-(4-[2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy-2-iso-1-quinolynyl)-ethyl]-phenyl)-9,10-dihydro-5-methoxy-9-oxo-4-acridine carboxamine).

These results show that OPZ, D3T, and SF activate overlapping changes in gene expression and that they can regulate detoxification/antioxidant responses in multiple cells types, including cell types known to have a role in the production of oxidative stress.

In multicellular organisms, cellular growth and development can be controlled by programmed cell death (PCD), which is defined by a sequence of regulated events.

Here we show that unlike infection with Sb-sensitive (Sbs) Leishmania donovani, infection with Sb-resistant (Sb r) L. donovani induces the upregulation of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) and permeability glycoprotein (P-gp) in host cells, resulting in a nonaccumulation of intracellular Sb following treatment with sodium antimony gluconate (SAG) favoring parasite replication.

Therefore, ART can block ERK1/2 activation, downregulate VEGF and Ang-1 expression and inhibit angiogenesis induced by human multiple myeloma RPMI8226 cells.

Mechanistically, MBZ was revealed to inhibit multiple cancer-related signal pathways including ELK/SRF, NFKB, MYC/MAX, and E2F/DP1 in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells.

Hormones regulate growth, development, metabolism, and other complex processes in multicellular animals.

We found that plumbagin inhibited both constitutive and interleukin 6-inducible STAT3 phosphorylation in multiple myeloma (MM) cells and this correlated with the inhibition of c-Src, Janus-activated kinase (JAK)1, and JAK2 activation.

The p53 tumor suppressor is a multifunctional protein, which regulates cell cycle, differentiation, DNA repair and apoptosis.

Protein kinase Cdelta (PKCδ) mediates multiple cell death signalings, and 14-3-3 proteins regulate survival pathways in brain, sequestering certain pro-apoptotic proteins.

Most mtDNA mutations are recessive: there are multiple copies per cell and mutation needs to clonally expand to cause respiratory deficiency.

Simultaneously, CPA reduced the expression of CD86 but increase the expression of CD206 and p-STAT6 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.

Using multiple xenograft mouse models, artesunate is active against chemo-sensitive and -resistant ATC cells in vivo at doses that do not cause toxicity in mice.

Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a multifunctional intracellular adaptor protein that transmits extracellular signals to regulate malignant cell motility, metastasis, and cell-cycle progression, but is poorly characterized in hematologic malignancies.

We utilized a multi-disciplinary approach to show that artesunate can interact with and is dependent on cytochrome c release to induce cell death in pediatric AML cell lines.

Because Ido1 and Ido2 are expressed by multiple cell types within the brain,we evaluated KA-induced ictogenesis using mice with cell-type-specific Ido1 and Ido2 deficiencies.

The changes which occur in senescence are controlled by networks of multiple signalling and feedback pathways at the cellular level, and the interplay between these is difficult to predict and understand.

FGF21 is a multifunctional metabolic and stress hormone which is normally expressed in liver but cellular stress, e.g. mitochondrial or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, can induce its expression and subsequent secretion from several mammalian tissues.

FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51, encoded by FKBP5) is a multisignaling cochaperone that regulates cellular stress responses and inflammatory signaling through the NF-κB pathway.

Because AGA is caused by crosstalk among multiple hair follicle (HF) cell components, understanding the effects of candidate molecules on HF cells is essential to determining therapeutic candidates for treatment.

These genes are known to be expressed in multiple vascular-related cell types including astrocytes, endothelial cells, pericytes and smooth muscle cells.

We will describe and compare findings obtained in multiple stem cell models in order to provide an assessment on whether unique lipid metabolic pathways may commonly regulate stem cell behavior.

The cytokine IL-6 has been proposed as an autocrine growth factor in multiple myeloma, and is also required for stimulation of immunoglobulin production and secretion in normal plasma cells and myeloma cells.

Many of the genes expressed in the ovaries were involved in multicellular organism development and transcriptional regulation.

However, Cas9 also triggers severe DNA damage at multiple integrated PERV sites in the porcine genome, which induces senescence and apoptosis of porcine cells.

In contrast, multiple forms of muscle atrophy caused by dexamethasone, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), or angiotensin II (Ang II) in myotube cells, as well as by denervation, angiotensin II, and immobility in mice, are prevented by circDdb1 inhibition.

Aging is a multi-faceted process caused by the accumulation of cellular damage over time, associated with a gradual reduction of physiological activities in cells and organs.

P-Glycoprotein (P-gp) causes a multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype in tumour cells.

Thus, calcineurin/NFAT signalling regulates multiple factors that control growth and hallmark beta-cell functions, revealing unique models for the pathogenesis and therapy of diabetes.

Gene regulatory network analysis identifies BHLHE40 as a key transcription factor enriched in multiple CD8+ T cell subtypes during aging, regulating pro-inflammatory and exhaustion-related genes.

Growing evidence indicates that AST can modulate multiple molecular and cellular pathways involved in neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory, particularly in the context of neurodegenerative aging.

For instance, the occurrence of multiple paralogs in a single genome makes it difficult to interpret results if consideration is not given to the fact that similar but distinct chaperone genes can be differentially expressed in separate cellular compartments, tissues, and developmental stages.

Development, function, remodelling, and senescence of multicellular organisms depend on the coordinated occurrence of physiological, actively induced cell death in two major patterns: terminal differentiation and programmed cell death (apoptosis).

The claudin multigene family encodes tetraspan membrane proteins that are crucial structural and functional components of tight junctions, which have important roles in regulating paracellular permeability and maintaining cell polarity in epithelial and endothelial cell sheets.

Our results indicate that the polysulfonated naphthylurea suramin, a "non-specific drug" that interferes with multiple cellular proteins, inhibits neointimal formation in rabbit iliac arteries after balloon-catheter injury administered throughout the critical period of several weeks after the procedure.

The histopathological analysis of the colon showed a significant reduction of DSS-induced gut inflammation by concomitant E. multilocularis infection, which correlated with down-regulation of T helper type 1 (Th1)/Th17 T-cell responses in the colon tissue.

Echinococcus multilocularis TegP11 (emu-TegP11) was verified to be secreted by extracellular vesicles and to be localized in different spatiotemporal patterns in protoscoleces.

Multiple linear regression analysis revealed positive correlations between anti-inflammatory cytokine expression and insulin signalling-related genes in the liver, as demonstrated by an in vitro stimulated hepatic cell line with IL-13 and IL-22.

Echinococcus multilocularis infection markedly reduced the severity of DSS-induced gut inflammation upon down-regulation of Th1/Th17 cytokine expression and attenuation of CD11b+ cell activation.

There is an added level of complexity in parasites, particularly multicellular helminth worms, which modulate calcium levels while inhabiting the host microenvironment.

We set-up an immunoassay based on the multiplex bead-based platform (MBA), using the rT24H (against Cysticercus cellulosae, causing cysticercosis) and r2B2t (against Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, causing CE) recombinant antigens, for simultaneous and differential diagnosis of these infections.

In addition to the role in muscle, foxF-1 is required for the specification of multiple cell types with transcriptome similarities, including high expression levels of cathepsin genes.

Our findings demonstrated that ARG-1 expression is enhanced in multiple myeloid cells from peritoneum and promotes immune evasion of E. granulosus in mice by inhibiting the expression of T cell receptor CD3ζ chain and antagonism against iNOS.

Whole mount in situ hybridization analyses indicated that EmMEKK1 and EmMPK3 are both expressed in E. multilocularis germinative (stem) cells but also in differentiated or differentiating cells.

Simultaneously, rHcADRM1 stimuli exerted critical controls on T cell cytokine secretion profiles, predominantly by restraining the secretions of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10 and interferon-gamma.

In the mouse model of E. multilocularis infection, liver and splenic TIGIT+ NK cells progressively increased dependent of infection dosage and timing and were less activated and less degranulated with lower cytokine secretion.

Our findings raise intriguing questions such as (i) how E. multilocularis affects hepatic miRNA expression;(ii) what are the alterations in miRNA expression patterns in more advanced AE-stages; and (iii) which hepatic cellular, metabolic and/or immunologic processes are modulated through altered miRNAs in AE.

Multiple immune cell populations equipped with both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions reside in the gut tissue and these cells tightly regulate intestinal health and functions.

We showed autophagy induction in multiple cell lines; however, deletion of a key autophagy regulator ATG7 had minimal impact on monepantel's anti-proliferative activity, suggesting autophagy is associated with, but not required for its anti-tumour effects.

This study aimed to evaluate the structure of a recombinant multi-epitope antigen produced from linear and conformational B-cell epitopes of three parasitic proteins with sera of individuals with fasciolosis, healthy controls, and those with other diseases to gain accurate sensitivity and specificity.

The E. multilocularis antigen (EmAg) inducible cellular productions of MCP1(CCL13), TARC(CCL17) and PARC(CCL18) were lowest in patients with cured AE and infection-free controls, while the EmAg inducible cellular production of IFN-γ increased after cure.

E. multilocularis regulated the function of T cells via the PD-1/PD-L1- and CTLA-4-dependent pathways and subsequently evaded host immune attacks.

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a multifunctional cytokine contributing to liver injury, inflammation, and immune responses in schistosomiasis by binding to cell-surface Toll-like receptors and receptors for advanced glycation end products.

Clonorchis sinensis granulin (CsGRN), a component of the excretory/secretory products of this species, is a multifunctional growth factor that can promote the metastasis of cholangiocarcinoma cells.

Our results show that MBO inhibited the growth of multiple PDAC cell lines by inducing apoptosis.

Simultaneously with liver disintegration, the infectious factor caused - in the frontal cerebral cortex - the growth of pericellular edema (OF mice), which was attenuated by the administration of ethanol (Eth+OF mice).

Cnnos1 was specifically expressed in multipotent stem cells and germline cells, but not in somatic cells.

Since multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major cause of failure in cancer chemotherapy, we report a microfluidic approach combined with the same-single-cell analysis to investigate the modulation of MDR, manifested as the inhibition of drug efflux.

As a multicellular parasitic nematode, Trichinella spiralis regulates host immune responses by producing a variety of immunomodulatory molecules to escape from host immune attack, but the mechanisms underlying the immune evasion are not well understood.

We conclude that BI 2536 effectively inactivates E. multilocularis germinative cells in parasite larvae in vitro by direct inhibition of EmPlk1, thus inducing mitotic arrest and germinative cell killing.

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase/protein kinase A regulates multiple processes in eukaryotes by phosphorylating diverse cellular substrates, including metabolic and signalling enzymes, ion channels and transcription factors.

The compound also inhibits P-gps, and has been shown to reverse multidrug resistance in cancer cells.

Helminth parasites provoke multicellular immune responses in their hosts that can suppress concomitant disease.

Sorafenib inhibited multiple intracellular signaling pathways in thyroid carcinoma cells, which resulted in cell cycle arrest and the initiation of apoptosis.

The multifunctionality of 75E-CPDs on inhibition of Aβ fibrillization, Aβ fibrils disaggregation, amyloid fluorescent detection, and intracellular reactive oxygen species scavenging was demonstrated. 75E-CPDs inhibited the formation of β-sheet-rich Aβ aggregates, alleviated Aβ-induced cytotoxicity of cultured cells from 47% to 15%, and prolonged the lifespan of AD nematodes by scavenging in vivo amyloid plaques, demonstrating much higher performance than either EGCG or EGCG-free carbon dots.

Moreover, multiple ROS, including hydroxyl radicals, superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and Aβ-induced-ROS, which cannot be scavenged by TTR, were scavenged by KTP@MnO2, thus resulting in the mitigation of cellular oxidative damages.

Here, an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) molecule of ROF2 with multifaceted functionalities as an amyloid probe and a screening tool for amyloid inhibitors using different biophysical, cellular, and worm assays, are reported.

In vitro, 4G10F4 inhibited a noteworthy inhibition of E. multilocularis protoscoleces and primary cells viability through complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) mechanism.

During the course of E. multilocularis infections, LAG3-/- promotes high-level secretion of IFN-γ by splenic NK cells, which may participate in the reversal the immune function of NK cells, resulting in aggravation of hepatic fibrosis.

Lymphokine (LK)-activated macrophages are cytotoxic for multicellular larvae of the helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni.

Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis has provided important insights into the causes of multiple diseases where aberrant cell-death regulation occurs and has revealed new approaches for identifying small-molecule drugs for more effectively treating these illnesses.

In the same way, verapamilbodipy, a new fluorescent probe for the detection of multidrug resistance in cells, showed a significantly higher degree of binding to resistant eggs.

Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels are heteromultimeric transmembrane protein complexes that contribute to impulse propagation and also regulate intracellular Ca2+ levels.

Hence, hypoxic triggering of multiple pro-inflammatory events, if not corrected, will promote pathophysiological amplification leading to a deleterious cascade of bio-senescent cellular and molecular signaling pathways, which converge to markedly impair mitochondrial energy utilization and ATP production.

Simultaneous measurement of phagocytosis/encapsulation and H2O2 production by hemocytes in the presence or absence of specific signal transduction inhibitors was used to assess the role of extracellular-signal regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), p38, JNK and PI3-K.

Compounds 1-3 were evaluated for their ability to modulate multidrug resistance in mouse lymphoma cell lines.

Therefore, studies on multicellular model organisms help to decipher how Cdc48-dependent proteolysis is regulated in time and space to meet developmental requirements.

Using multicolor flow cytometry, we show that S. ratti induces a distinct pattern of inhibitory checkpoint receptors by Foxp3+ Treg and Foxp3- T cells.

This study was aimed at developing an antibody-based assay using a chiemric antigen containing multi-B-cell epitopes from antigens highly expressed in different stages of Wuchereria bancrofti to detect LF infection and its transmission.

In this study, we use a multimodal approach of human cells (HeLa), zebrafish embryos, and phylogenic analysis to test the role of a PLK1 binding protein, cenexin, in regulating the PCM.

Our findings demonstrate that KM effectively inhibits multiple metastatic processes in CRC, including cell migration, invasion, and VM formation in vitro and in vivo.

Eosinophils are multifunctional cells that have cytotoxic proinflammatory activities and stimulate CD4+ T-cells in experimental models of allergy and parasitic infections.

Interleukin 3 (IL-3) is required for the survival and proliferation of the FDCP-Mix 1 multipotent stem cell line.

Here we review recent work that sheds light on the targeting of FYVE finger proteins to PI3P-containing membranes, and how these proteins serve to regulate multiple cellular functions.

Multicellular organisms have evolved processes to prevent abnormal proliferation or inappropriate tissue infiltration of cells, and these tumor suppressive mechanisms serve to prevent tissue hyperplasia, tumor development, and metastatic spread of tumors.

Hence, DMDP-1 & -2 showed ability to activate multiple death pathways involving autophagy, lysosomal and endoplasmic reticulum death proteins which could potentially be manipulated to develop anti-cancer therapy in apoptosis resistant cells.

The barrier epithelia of multicellular organisms frequently come into direct contact with microorganisms and thus need to fulfill the important task of preventing the penetration of pathogens that could cause systemic infections.

They also reveal that a non-positional signal can regulate the differentiation of multiple cell types through differential interpretation in receiving cells.

Growth and development of multicellular organisms are coordinately regulated by various signaling pathways involving the communication of inter- and intracellular components.

In this work, we further developed our previous approach-DeepCOP, a quantitative chemogenomic model that predicts gene regulating effects, and extended its application across multiple cell lines presented in LINCS to predict aging gene regulating effects induced by small molecules.

The spin locus generates at least five different transcripts, with only two of these being able to rescue the spin behavioral phenotype; each encodes a protein with multiple membrane-spanning domains that are expressed in both the surface glial cells in the CNS and the follicle cells in the ovaries.

All multicellular organisms have requirements for tumor suppression to regulate cellular proliferation during either embryonic development or adult life.

CHB were induced by the clastogen mitomycin C (MMC) as well as by the aneuploidogen colcemid, with frequencies similar to MN in both cases, and to multinucleated cells in the case of colcemid.

Integrins are multifunctional receptors that exist as heterodimers composed of α and β subunits and bind to various ligands, including extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins; they are found in many animals, not only vertebrates (e.g., mouse, rat, and teleost fish), but also invertebrates (e.g., planarian flatworm, fruit fly, nematodes, and cephalopods), which are used for research on genetics and social behaviors or as models for human diseases.

TCTP (Translationally Controlled Tumour Protein) is a multifunctional protein that plays a role in the development, immune system, tumour reversion, and maintenance of stem cells.

In multiple cell types in multiple animals, spindle orientation is controlled by a conserved biological machine that mediates a pulling force on astral microtubules.

Regeneration is a multifaceted biological phenomenon that necessitates the intricate orchestration of apoptosis, stem cells, and immune responses, culminating in the regulation of apoptosis-induced compensatory proliferation (AICP).

Cyst nematodes induce a multicellular feeding site within roots called a syncytium.

We have examined the efficacy of nucleic acid vaccination in inducing immunity to the multicellular parasite, Schistosoma japonicum, a trematode worm responsible for causing schistosomiasis in humans and other mammalian species.

The drivers include a persistent DNA damage response causing multiple alterations in cellular function.

RNA sequencing and metabolomics further revealed that AoVps18 is involved in regulating multiple cellular processes and synthesizing compounds critical for the chemotaxis of nematodes toward A. oligospora.

A complex interaction between AoMedA and three central regulators was noted; these regulators are required for conidiation and trap formation and play a pleiotropic role in multiple intracellular activities.

Moreover, from histopathological observations, M. aberrans sp. nov. induced the formation of multinucleate giant cells.

In this model, multiple fungal signal transduction pathways are activated by its nematode prey to further regulate downstream genes associated with diverse cellular processes such as energy metabolism, biosynthesis of the cell wall and adhesive proteins, cell division, glycerol accumulation and peroxisome biogenesis.

In most multicellular organisms, the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signalling pathway is involved in regulating the growth and stem cell differentiation.

Multiple cellular stressors, including activation of the tumour suppressor p53, can stimulate autophagy.

Root-knot nematodes induce several multinucleate giant cells inside a gall whereas cyst nematodes provoke the formation of a multinucleate syncytium.

Here we report on the characterization of a novel retrotransposon called kangaroo from the multicellular green alga, Volvox carteri. kangaroo elements are highly mobile and their expression is developmentally regulated.

Upon infection of the plant root, it induces several multinucleate giant cells by the injection of pharyngeal gland secretions into the root cells.

Previous studies have shown that exposure of Caenorhabditis elegans to pathogens or toxins simultaneously stimulates cellular stress and detoxification responses and aversive behavior.

However, recent studies have revealed multifaceted roles of the PIWI-piRNA pathway in regulating the expression of other major classes of RNAs in germ cells.

This adaptive strategy is the first example of a multicellular organism modulating its defenses when it expects to freeload from the protection provided by molecularly orthologous defenses from another species.

We examined how these MNMs function in multicellular organisms and investigated their use for treatment and eradication of specific diseases by causing damage to certain tissues and small organisms.

The formation of multiple polarities in asymmetric cell division has been found to be controlled via the regulatory system by upstream polarity of the membrane to downstream polarity of the cytosol, which is involved in not only polarity establishment but also polarity positioning.

Overall, this study shows that the nanomechanical action of light-activated MNMs is effective against multicellular organisms, disrupting cell membranes and damaging tissue in vivo.

The anti-helminthic drug niclosamide regulates multiple cellular signals including STAT3, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Akt, Wnt/β-catenin and mitochondrial uncoupling which are involved in neointimal hyperplasia.

Multicellular organisms have multiple genes encoding calponins and calponin-related proteins, some of which are known to regulate actin cytoskeletal dynamics and contractility.

The Target of Rapamycin (TOR or mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, development, and behaviors by modulating protein synthesis, autophagy, and multiple other cellular processes in response to changes in nutrients and other cues.

In response to stress conditions, autophagy activity in multicellular organisms is systemically modulated to ensure maintenance of cellular homeostasis at an organismal level.

Inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK) is a conserved protein that initiates the production of inositol phosphate intracellular messengers and is critical for regulating a variety of cellular processes.

The ELISA and lymphocyte proliferation assay showed that LTB-EMY162 induced high-titer specific IgG against EMY162 and E. multilocularis protoscoleces protein in BALB/c mice and promoted sensitized T lymphocyte cell proliferation, and LTB-EMY162 stimulated Th cell to secrete IL-4 and IFN-γ and induced a Th1/Th2 mixed type immunological response.

Here, we reveal the three strategies that the simple multicellular eukaryote, C. elegans, uses to deal with DNA damage induced by light.

This study highlights that the evolutionary selection pressure mediated by a multicellular host causes phenotypic diversification, but not necessarily with the same phenotypic outcome for different parasite strains.

Condensin, an evolutionarily conserved multisubunit protein complex, is essential for chromosome condensation during cell division and functions in regulating gene expression during interphase.

The conserved Target of Rapamycin complex 2 (TORC2) controls multiple processes in response to cellular stressors and growth factors.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by NADPH oxidases can serve as signaling molecules to regulate a variety of physiological processes in multi-cellular organisms.

Here, the multicellular model organism Caenorhabditis elegans was employed to identify lifespan extending and protective effects against β-amyloid (Aβ) induced toxicity by echinacoside (ECH), a phenylethanoid glycoside isolated from C. deserticola.

Pathogen infection can activate multiple signaling cascades that ultimately alter the abundance of molecules in cells.

AP endonucleases are ubiquitous enzymes required for the repair of AP sites and 3' blocking ends, but their physiological roles in multicellular organisms are not fully understood.

Multiple levels of gene regulation are often employed to regulate stem cell proliferation to ensure that the amount of proliferation is aligned with the needs of the tissue.

However, progress in the understanding of these pathologies is hampered by the multiplicity of essential cellular processes and genes that modulate lipid metabolism.

This study in a multicellular organism supports an essential role for branched actin regulators in endocytosis, and identifies WAVE/SCAR as a key NPF that promotes Arp2/3 endocytic function in C. elegans.

Action mechanism studies indicated that the enhanced efficacy of the multifunctional targeting drugs-loaded liposomes could be due to the following aspects: evading the rapid elimination from blood circulation; crossing the BBB effectively; improving drug uptake by glioma cells and GSCs; down-regulating the overexpressed ABC transporters; inducing apoptosis of GSCs via up-regulating apoptotic receptor/ligand (Fas/Fasl), activating apoptotic enzymes (caspases 8, 9 and 3), activating pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax and Bok), activating tumor suppressor protein (P53) and suppressing anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2 and Mcl-1).

On the other hand, reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as other stressful stimuli that elicit the formation of ROS, may modulate FoxO activity at multiple levels, including posttranslational modifications of FoxOs (such as phosphorylation and acetylation), interaction with coregulators, alterations in FoxO subcellular localization, protein synthesis and stability.

To circumvent this problem, a class of synergistically acting drug combinations, which inhibit multiple key pathways in melanoma cells, could be used as one approach for long-term treatment of this deadly disease.

The multi-drug resistance (MDR) could be caused by the over-expression of adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporters such as p-glycoprotein, thereby resulting in the efflux of anti-cancer drugs from the cells.

Overexpression of P-glycoprotein may cause increased efflux of a variety of anticancer drugs (ACD) leading to multidrug resistance (MDR) of tumor cells.

PAT1 controls multiple processes in cell cycle progression which suggests an essential role for the acetylation of yet unknown substrate(s).

Therefore, the ability of Ran from Schizosaccharomyces pombe to independently regulate multiple cellular processes may reflect differences in its interactions with the binding proteins that mediate these functions and explain the complex phenotypic consequences of its misregulation in vivo.

The results suggest that multiple cell death pathways, all potentially linked to oxidative stress, are activated in hair cells of the auditory organ in aging mice.

Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis in the co-culture model in vitro could promote the expression of CK, caspase3, caspase9, and Bax protein, decrease the expression of Bcl-2, promote hepatocyte apoptosis, and inhibit cell proliferation; in clinical samples, we found that compared with that in the normal tissues, the expression of cytokeratin, caspase3, caspase9, and Bax in echinococcus tissues was high, but that in Bcl-2 was low.

We hypothesize that infection with Echinococcus multilocularis activates the RhoA-MAPK signaling pathway and subsequently induces macrophage polarization to promote hepatic stellate cells activation leading to liver fibrosis.

For in vitro experiments, it was found that the sustained stimulation of E. multilocularis antigen could induce T cell exhaustion, blocking CTLA-4-reversed T cell exhaustion.

An emerging theme is that LRRK2 can bind to multiple membranous structures in cells, and several recent studies have suggested that the Rab family of small GTPases might be important in controlling the recruitment of LRRK2 to specific cellular compartments.

These findings suggest that PSC of E. multilocularis can suppress lymphoid cell responses via influences on IL-2 production.

These results suggest that the five CaMKs in A. oligospora are involved in regulating multiple cellular processes, such as growth, environmental stress tolerance, conidiation, trap formation, and virulence.

The lengths of 5'UTRs of multicellular eukaryotes have been suggested to be subject to stochastic changes, with upstream start codons (uAUGs) as the major constraint to suppress 5'UTR elongation.

Apoptosis research demonstrates that, even though the multitude of regulatory circuits controlling programmed cell death might diverge, core elements of the 'apoptotic engine' are widely conserved.