WBls:0000710 vs WBls:0000023

Copper oxide does not appear to be effective in controlling newly acquired L4 stage (preadult) larvae, which also feed on blood, leading to decreased PCV in newly infected goats.

In the controls where there was no anthelmintic selection, the proportion of CAVRS in the adult worm population was the same as the proportion in larvae given to both adults and lambs indicating that CAVRS and McMaster H. contortus were equally infective.

Although sleep does not appear to be essential for a normal adult lifespan, it is crucial for survival of starvation-induced developmental arrest in larvae.

The objective of this study was to assess the in vitro motility inhibition of C. punctata adult worms and infective larvae using the Larval Motility Inhibition Assay (LMIA) and Adult Motility Inhibition Assay (AMIA), and to assess the structural and ultrastructural changes induced by both treatments using Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy.

Studies were designed to test the therapeutic efficacy against naturally acquired and induced infections treated at the adult and fourth larval stage, and the prophylactic efficacy against naturally acquired and induced infections with third stage infective larvae.

The soluble extracts of T. spiralis adult worms and muscle larvae were used to treat airway inflammation before and after an ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitization/challenge in an OVA-induced asthma mouse model.

We observed a significant reduction in T. spiralis adult worm and muscle larval counts in mice immunized with T. spiralis-derived EVs (EVs-Ts group) and controlled inflammatory changes in the intestine and muscles.

Onchocerciasis (river blindness), caused by the parasitic nematode Onchocerca volvulus, involves adult worms residing in subcutaneous nodules that produce larval-stage microfilariae (mf), which are routinely detected in the skin for diagnosis.

Canine infections with adults and circulating larvae of D. repens are often considered asymptomatic, although in some cases, the parasite causes subcutaneous nodules, diffused dermatitis, skin lesions, and itching.

Unlike the adult stages, the efficacy of the plant extract was recorded to be comparatively low against the larval and immature stages of the parasite, as the treatment of animals with the highest dose of extract (800 mg/kg) could cause only 37.50 and 54.00% reductions in worm counts, respectively.

Eligible adults (aged 18-65 years) with S stercoralis infection intensities of at least 0·4 larvae per g of stool in at least two stool samples were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1:1:1:1) by use of computerised, stratified, block randomisation into seven treatment groups: 2 mg of moxidectin, 4 mg of moxidectin, 6 mg of moxidectin, 8 mg of moxidectin, 10 mg of moxidectin, 12 mg of moxidectin, or placebo.

Praziquantel is effective against adult schistosome worms but ineffective against larval stages of the parasite and cannot prevent re-infection or interrupt the transmission of infection.

The mean numbers of O ostertagi in 10 untreated control cattle were: adults, 4,880; developing 4th-stage larvae, 12,546; and inhibited early 4th-stage larvae, 167,931.

Reduced efficacy of the anthelmintics levamisole and thiabendazole to adult O. ostertagi and of modern benzimidazoles to the inhibited L4 larvae has been reported in cattle.

Finally, our results seem to indicate that although the effects of adult worms and migratory L1 larvae on the IgE production are not additive, the presence of adult worms in the intestine of mice may stimulate a secondary exposure to common antigens released by the migrating L1 larvae.

Regarding that the possibility of reinvasion of animals in cow sheds could be excluded and that the extensity of invasion with gastrointestinal nematodes was higher in the treated cows than in the controls at the end of the experiments, we assume that following the eradication of adult nematodes with anthelmintics activation of hypobiotic worm larvae occurred in the mucosa.

The experiments described in this paper demonstrate that both adult and larval stages of N. dubius cause non-specific immunodepression of the response to SRBC.

Collagen- and ADP-induced platelet aggregation were inhibited by adult and larval extracts.

In-vitro, PEO had significantly-affected the survival and the cuticular ultrastructure of adults and muscle larvae, inducing the highest mortality rate and the most obvious damage at 10 % after 24 h.

Ostertagia ostertagi was present in all controls; arithmetic mean numbers of adults, developing fourth stage larvae (L4) and inhibited EL4 were 7683, 605 and 36,102, respectively.

The results show that both formulations have an efficacy of 100% against adult worms and developing and inhibited larval stages of D. viviparus.

The selection of an appropriate anthelmintic depends on whether one is controlling or preventing Type I ostertagiasis (caused by the establishment of adult worms derived from recently acquired infective larvae), preventing Type II (treating pre-Type II or inhibited larvae) or controlling Type II ostertagiasis (caused by the development of inhibited larvae to adults), or using the anthelmintic as part of an epidemiologically based plan to reduce pasture contamination with infective Ostertagia ostertagi larvae.

Indeed, tetracycline has been shown to inhibit both the development of adult worms from third-stage larvae and the development of the microfilaraemia in jirds infected with Brugia pahangi.

We conclude that trypsin-induced tetrathyridia development to adult worm is FBS-dependent and that the effect of serum factors is dependent upon a previous trypsin-induced reversible damage to the larva tegument.

Further, the potential of adult ewes to remove from pasture more parasite larvae than they contribute through faecal contamination indicates a potentially useful role in suppressing parasite populations, particularly when worm control in lambs is less effective as a result of anthelmintic resistance.

Studied mice were divided into: 20 healthy control, 20 with orally induced T. spiralis infection, 20 received adult worm crude antigen orally and 20 received larval crude antigen intramuscular.

Trichinella spiralis serpin-type serine protease inhibitors (TsSPIs) are expressed in adult worms (AW), newborn larvae (NBL) and muscle larvae (ML) of T. spiralis, with the ML stage demonstrating the highest expression level.

Both the adult worm and muscle larvae antigens of Trichinella spiralis can stimulate mice to produce protective immunity and the mice immunized with adult worm antigens have stronger resistance to the subsequent challenge infection.

While the difference in DNase activities of L3 and adults remains obscure, the role of DNase in larval development should be further clarified and the identification of stage-specific developmental markers will lead to the discovery of specific factors that stimulate larval development.

Protective immunity against both adult and larva worms has been induced from adult and muscle larva stage infections of T. spiralis.

Acethylcholinesterase (AchE) of adult worms of Dirofilaria immitis, those of the 4th-stage larvae, early 5th-stage larvae and adults worms of Brugia pahangi, and that of hamster brain tissue were all inhibited by DEC.

With the use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), it was revealed that surface antigens of both adult and fourth-stage larvae (L4) of Ostertagia circumcincta induced high levels of serum IgG antibodies, while serum IgA antibody levels were low but increased significantly (P < 0.01) after infection.

Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction revealed that the gene was expressed in various developmental stages, including in adult worms, newborn larvae, precyst muscle larvae, and postcyst muscle larvae, although there was difference in the expression level among these stages.

This protein is expressed in adult worms (both sexes) and fourth stage larvae generated via 6 days of in vitro culture, but was undetectable in microfilariae, and third stage larvae obtained either directly from mosquitoes or following 2 days of culture.

The results indicate that adult ESP inhibited acid secretion, whereas ESP from the L4 larval stages did not alter parietal cell function.

In vivo, P2X7R deficiency resulted in increased intestinal adult and muscle larval burdens, along with decreased expression of NLRP3/interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in macrophages from the infected mice with T. spiralis In In vitro experiments, P2X7R blockade inhibited activation of NLRP3/IL-1β via NF-κB and thus reduced the capacity of macrophages to kill newborn larvae of T. spiralis These results indicate that P2X7R mediates the elimination of T. spiralis by activating the NF-κB/NLRP3/IL-1β pathway in macrophages.

Oral vaccination of mice with Salmonella-delivered rTsSP1.2 DNA vaccine induced an obvious intestinal mucosal IgA response and a systemic Th1/Th2 immune response; the vaccinated mice showed a 33.45% reduction of intestinal adult worms and 71.84% reduction of muscle larvae after T. spiralis larval challenge.

A 29.9 % reduction in adult worm burden at 7 days post-infection (dpi) and 83.3 % reduction in muscle larvae burden at 28 dpi were observed in immune-stimulated mice with NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-mIL-4.

Ace-hpi transcripts were most abundant in the adult stage, followed by serum-stimulated infective larvae (ssL3), and finally in L3 stage, with a significant difference.

T. spiralis adult worm excretory-secretory products (AES) and muscle larvae excretory-secretory products (MES) were both able to activate BMDCs in vitro to facilitate their maturation and to create regulatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β.

While RT-PCR analysis indicates that TERT mRNA is expressed in T. spiralis adult worm, newborn larvae, and muscle larvae.

The RNAi-suppressed adults and larvae were markedly hypoactive compared to the corresponding controls and they were also resistant to exogenous serotonin treatment.

Adult and larval stages of Taenia solium cause 2 diseases in humans, i.e., taeniasis and cysticercosis, respectively.

At least 10 of the predicted genes were expressed in adults and hatched larvae, and at least 8 were expressed in somatic larvae.

The TsTPX2 and TsTPX3 genes were up-regulated in day 3 adults (Ad3) compared with newborn larvae (NBL) and ML (P<0.05); expression levels of the TsTPX1 gene in ML were higher compared with Ad3 and NBL amounts (P<0.05).

Furthermore, phagocytosis of monocytes was detected by flow cytometry and effects of rTs-SUCLA-β-induced protective immunity on T. spiralis adult worms and muscle larva were evaluated in rats.

The TsCB was transcribed and expressed in four T. spiralis life-cycle stages (adult worm, AW; newborn larvae, NBL; muscle larvae, ML; and intestinal infective L1 larvae), it was primarily located in the cuticle and stichosome of the parasitic nematode.

Resistant animals have one or more of the following features: fewer adult nematodes, more inhibited larvae, shorter adult nematodes and decreased production of nematode eggs.

A polyclonal antiserum against Escherichia coli expressed recombinant Ac-API-1 detected the protein in adult A. caninum excretory/secretory products, but not in those from activated infective larvae.

Bp-cdd was expressed almost exclusively in the post-infective (p.i.) L3 and L4 stages of the life cycle while Bp-S3 was also expressed in adult worms, but at a much lower level than in the larval stages.

We previously showed that adult Caenorhabditis elegans that transiently passed through the stress-induced dauer larval stage (post-dauer adults) exhibit significant changes in gene expression profiles, chromatin states, and life history traits when compared with adults that bypassed the dauer stage (control adults).

Adult larval-exposed worms only showed an increase in spontaneous behavior when tested on nicotine (p<0.001) but levels of activity similar to controls when tested on plain plates (p>0.30).

In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, an insulin receptor signaling pathway regulates adult life span and developmental arrest at the dauer larval stage.

During adulthood, all PFAS induced a significant reduction in motility (p < 0.01), while only PFOS can significantly induce behavior alteration at the early larvae stage.

The highest activity against A. ceylanicum in vitro was observed with Sclerocarya birrea at 2 mg/ml, which resulted in death of adult worms and inhibition of activity of third-stage larvae (L3).

These data indicate that tetracycline administered to jirds in drinking water inhibits B. pahangi development from L3 to adult worms and suggest that this effect occurs during early larval development.

Adoptive transfer of MrTsTPX2 into mice suppressed Th1 responses by enhancing Th2 responses and exhibited a 44.7% reduction in adult worm burden following challenge with T. spiralis infective larval, suggesting that the TsTPX2 is a potential vaccine candidate against trichinosis.

Contrary to results from studies on mosquito-arbovirus interactions, our results suggest that adults from crowded larvae may limit infection better than do adults from uncrowded controls, and that mosquitoes from high-quality larval environments are more physiologically and functionally capable vectors of B. pahangi.

To identify additional sexual differentiation genes that might affect life span, the conditional transgenic system Geneswitch was employed, whereby feeding adult flies or developing larvae the drug RU486 causes the over-expression of selected UAS-transgenes.