WBls:0000710 vs WBbt:0007850

Expression of ovzf mRNA is developmentally regulated; no specific transcript is detected in adult female worms but in the infective L3.

Furthermore, interference with the miR396-GRF6/8-13/15-17/19 regulatory network, through either overexpression or knockdown experiments, does not affect the number of H. glycines juveniles that enter the vascular cylinder to initiate syncytia, but specifically inhibits efficient H. glycines development to adult females.

SmMAK16 mRNA is more highly expressed in adult female worm than males.

Epileptogenesis was induced by intrahippocampal injection of kainate in adult male wild type (Wt) or uPAR knockout (uPAR-/-) mice, and animals were monitored with continuous (24/7) video-electroencephalogram for 30 days.

RGC damage was induced in adult ApoE-deficient mice (male, 10-12 weeks old) through ocular hypertension (OH), optic nerve crush (NC), or by administering kainic acid (KA) intravitreally.

Here we used an adult male rat model of epileptogenesis provoked by kainic acid-induced SE (KA-SE).

Consequently, subchronic CBZ exposure induced hepatic metabolic disorder accompanied by gut microbiota dysbiosis in adult male zebrafish.

Epileptogenesis was elicited in adult male rats via systemic kainic acid-induced SE (KA-SE).

Topical application of EB caused 100 % mortality of T. dendrolimi adults, and the parasitism success of females surviving 7 d-old residues was reduced by 73.3 %.

Three weeks after injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV) in the skull of adult male C57BL/6 mice, kainic acid (KA) was injected into the hippocampus to induce seizures.

In adult worms, male or female, the incorporation of radioactive thymidine was severely and irreversibly inhibited after treatment with either drug.

Adult male rats were either electrically stimulated in the ventral hippocampus for 90 min or injected with kainic acid or lithium/pilocarpine.

Areas of the limbic system of adult male Wistar rats were screened for kainic-acid-induced gene expression.

Adult male C57BL/6 mice underwent focally evoked seizures induced by intraamygdala microinjection of kainic acid.

Subcutaneous administration of KA (12 mg/kg) in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats caused a progressive development of seizure behavior.

The present study reports the beneficial effects of dietary restriction on different antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes against kainate-induced excitotoxicity in different brain regions of young adult male Wistar rats.

Young adult and aged male Fisher 344 rats underwent kainate-induced convulsive status epilepticus (SE) for 4 h prior to sacrifice to determine potential aging-related differences in the effect of prolonged SE on the expression of hippocampal voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs).

SmMRP1 RNA is differentially expressed in adult males and females, and levels increase transiently following exposure of adult worms to sub-lethal concentrations of PZQ.

In a prospective cohort of independently-living older adults (n = 840, mean age 76.1 ± 6.8 years, 54.5% female, median follow-up 6.9 years), we evaluated the age- and sex-adjusted hazards for all-cause mortality and incident age-related diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and multiple-domain cognitive impairment (MDCI), as predicted by baseline total serum IGF-1, IGF-1/IGFBP-3 molar ratio, IGFBP-3, and IGFBP-1 levels.

SmeNgb was abundantly localized in the gastrodermis, vitelline, and ovary of adult female S. mekongi worms as well as in the tegument of adult male worms.

Adult male and female schistosomes in copula dwell within human blood vessels and lay eggs that cause the major Neglected Tropical Disease human schistosomiasis.

The exposure of the in vitro samples over adult parasites were able to inhibit 100% of the oviposition in females.

After the treatment of sodium abietate, the mortality and motility reducing rate of adult worms were higher significantly than the controls; the effect of sodium abietate on male worms was more obvious than on female worms.

Interestingly, nano-IVM (F5) was also found to be effective against adult stage parasites causing 36.67 % worm mortality and 75.89 % in combination with DEC; however, female sterilization remain almost similar.

This study is the first to document the potential role of primaquine as a schistosomicide and the ultrastructural changes induced by primaquine on juvenile or adult male worms of Schistosoma mansoni.

The schistosomicidal activity of primaquine indicates that this drug possesses moderate in vitro activity against juvenile and adult male worms, since it caused high mortality and tegumental alterations.

This anti-schistosomula effect translates into activity against both adult male and female schistosomes cultured in vitro where 7-keto-sempervirol negatively affects motility/behaviour, surface architecture (inducing tegumental holes, tubercle swelling and spine loss/shortening), oviposition rates and egg morphology.

Recombinant human TNFα (rhTNFα) has previously been shown to reduce fecundity in Schistosoma mansoni adult females maintained in vitro without males, and adversely affect the uptake of [14C]-tyrosine, an amino acid required for schistosome vitellogenesis.

Adult male C57BL/6J mice with or without LPS/D-GaIN-induced acute liver injury were given intraperitoneal injections of rSj-Cys or PBS 30 min after modeling (n=18), and serum and liver tissues samples were collected from 8 mice in each group 6 h after modeling.

Adult males and females of O. volvulus were active after collagenase digestion of human nodular tissue, but behaved so irregularly that satisfactory monitoring of their movements with the meter was not possible on a regular enough basis to permit quantitation of drug-induced changes.

The combined methanolic extracts of A. catechu and P. betle at 5% concentration significantly inhibited the motility of adult female and male Haemonchus within 15 min in vitro.

Morphological analysis via scanning electron microscopy in adult females revealed that graveoline induced mostly cuticle detachment, while chalepensin caused protuberances across the parasite body.

Schistosome proteins interacting with a gene (F-10), which is only expressed in adult females, were investigated. 2.

The ability of anti-schistosome antibody to bind to adult male Schistosoma mansoni was studied, using fluoresceinated Staphylococcus aureus to detect specific antigen-antibody interaction at the parasite's surface.

Fifty adult male subjects with moderate to heavy onchocerciasis from the Liberian rain forest were selected for a double-blind placebo-controlled chemotherapy study.

The gamma(Soret) maximum of both fractions was evident at 427 nm, with a shoulder at 432-434 nm. 600 x g and 12,000 x g pellet fractions of adult female and mixed-sex adult A. viteae exhibited similar absorption maxima. (Succinate-reduced)--(ferricyanide-oxidised) difference spectra of the 12,000 x g pellet fraction of mixed-sex adult A. viteae showed absorption maxima at 555 and 562 nm, 600 and 630 nm, suggesting the reduction of Cyt c555, Cyt b562, Cyt aa3 (600 nm) and an unidentified species (630 nm peak) Antimycin A (10(-6) M) induced the disappearance of the maxima at 555, 600 and 630 nm corresponding to Cyt c555, Cyt aa3 and the unidentified species; the maximum at 562 nm prevailed in the presence of antimycin A.

Hemocytes from adult, female Aedes aegypti, intrathoracically inoculated with microfilariae (mf) of the nematode Dirofilaria immitis, were compared to saline-inoculated and uninoculated controls using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), 125I-labeling, and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) binding techniques.

The major morphological alteration of adult worms induced by artemether was sustained shrinkage accompanied by atrophy and degeneration of the worm's reproductive glands, eg, the testis in males and ovary as well as vitelline gland in females.

Fewer adult worms were collected from prolactin-treated lambs, and the female worms were larger than those from the saline-injected controls.

Electron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence indicate that PZQ disrupts the integrity of the surface membranes of S. mansoni, particularly those covering the dorsal tubercles of adult male worms, and this causes antigens which are the targets of antibody attack to be revealed.

Ivermectin produced minor macrofilaricidal effects on the adult male worms, marked degeneration of intra-uterine embryos, and potent microfilaricidal effects and suppressed skin microfilariae.

Phenanthroline injections also induced an hepatic shift and an unpairing of adult worms in infected mice, and the female worms appeared degenerate and lacked gut pigmentation.

Intraperitoneal implantation of adult gravid females of the bovine filarial parasite, Setaria digitata in Mastomys coucha was found to induce microfilaraemia lasting for about 125 days.

Histological examination of treated adult female parasites showed most of the anthraquinones caused marked effects on intrauterine embryos.

In the killing of adult female O. volvulus worms, the relative rôles of (a) natural causes; (b) a presumed, direct, anthelminthic, macrofilaricidal action of ivermectin; and (c) a potentially fatal pleomorphic ovarian neoplasm (PN), of which the incidence is increased by ivermectin treatment, are herein further investigated and discussed.

The combination treatment also brought about approximately 70% death of adult B. malayi and sterilization of 82.3% of the surviving female worms, thus exhibiting remarkable enhancement in the antifilarial activity of DEC; (3) tissue inflammatory reactions and pathogenesis were significantly reduced as observed by histopathology, and peritoneal macrophage mediated oxidative burst shown by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis using dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA); and (4) the characteristic filarial antigen-specific and mitogen-specific cellular unresponsiveness was significantly reversed, possibly due to marked clearance of microfilaraemia.

In the adult male worms, praziquantel (PZQ) prevents this accumulation in RPMI medium and disperses resorufin from tubules which have been prelabelled.

The results obtained in the present study confirm the action of clonazepam on S. mansoni adult worm, in vitro, causing total paralysis of males and females.

Thus, identification of plant constituents that attract S. littoralis Boisd. adults, especially females, and that directly affect their feeding or reproductive behaviour, would greatly expand opportunities for manipulation of the biological and environmental events that prevent the establishment, development, and dispersal of the insect-pest under study.

The butanol fraction F018 caused 73.7 per cent reduction in mf count and 82.5 per cent mortality in adult worms with 100 per cent female sterilization.

This study aims to determine whether adult male HW whole body extract induces canine platelet aggregation in vitro.

A zinc containing metalloprotease, 175 kDa collagenase, purified from adult female Setaria cervi showed strong cross-reactivity with sera from putatively immune (PI) individuals (unpublished observation) and induced cytotoxicity to B. malayi L3 larvae and microfilariae by ADCC mechanism [Srivastava Y, Bhandari YP, Reddy MVR, Harinath BC, Rathaur S.

We found that chronic administration of lithium (0.2% LiCl, 21 days) to adult male rats did not significantly affect phosphoinositide hydrolysis in cerebral cortical slices induced by carbachol (1 mM) or NaF (10 mM).

The Z-phe-arg-AMC-hydrolyzing activity in ES antigens and in adult extracts was enhanced up to 15-fold by the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT), but was totally blocked by specific inhibitors of cysteine proteinases, including the peptidyl diazomethyl ketone Z-phe-ala-CHN2,E-64, leupeptin, and N-ethylmaleimide.

The ability of Mf-induced IFN-gamma to modulate or regulate a pre-existing Th2 response, was investigated by infecting mice initially with adult male worms to induce a Th2 response, followed 14 days later by infection with Mf.

The RPA assay specifically detected M. javanica from individual juvenile or adult female, M. javanica-induced galls, and nematodes in the soil samples.

In 1998 and 1999, two outbreaks of eosinophilic meningitis caused by A. cantonensis infection were reported among 17 adult male immigrant Thai laborers who had eaten raw golden apple snails (Pomacea canaliculata).

This dose rate (200microgkg(-1) ivermectin) caused a 50% reduction in the number of adult males in the F(1) from both CXV and VXC crosses, but only a non-significant reduction in the number of adult females in the F(1).

Indirect fluorescence immunohistochemical analysis of adult male T. canis showed that PP1 was expressed in the germ line tissues, primarily in the testis, seminal vesicle, vas deferens, and sperm cells, indicating the potential roles of PP1 in spermatogenesis.

These genes were also highly expressed in adult male worms (in spermatogonia, in the wall of the vas deferens, and in the lateral chords, but not in mature spermatozoa).

In conclusion, irrespective of a resistant or susceptible host genetic background, survival of Mf of L. sigmodontis in mice is decisively regulated by the presence of adult female L. sigmodontis which will skew and exploit immune responses to facilitate the survival and persistence of their offspring in the infected host.

Adult female worms (mated to males) release eggs in the hepatic portal vasculature and are the principal cause of morbidity.

The ability of elevated levels of neural tyramine in TbetaH(nM18) flies to supplant the role of octopamine in adult locomotor and cocaine-induced behaviors, but not in functions related to female fertility, indicates mechanistic differences in the roles of trace amines in these processes.

Calpain 1 of S. mekongi was obtained from transcriptomic analysis of S. mekongi; it had the highest expression level of all isoforms tested and was predominantly expressed in the adult male.

The gene was expressed in different stages of schistosome life-cycle with highest transcription level in the adult male.

Only fourteen genes were significantly differentially expressed in the comparison of adult female worms, and no significantly differentially expressed gene was found in the comparison of adult male worms.

Our results show that 265 transcripts are differentially expressed in adult females and 53 in adult males when mature and immature worms are compared.

These results support the hypotheses that worm resistant sheep with a strong immune function can regulate T. colubriformis by rejecting adult worms but that T. circumcincta is regulated through a combination of suppressed development and reduced female fecundity.

Consequently, two families of antigens have been identified which were both encoded by repetitive DNA elements and whose members were both differentially expressed in adult male and female worms.

We compared the gene expression profile of the adult female gastrodermis and male and female reproductive tissues with whole worm controls.

The lambda Bm19 DNA sequence hybridizes to a 3-kb transcript, and in situ mRNA hybridization analyses of the adult female worm demonstrated that this gene is expressed in developing uterine microfilariae.

This study assessed drug effects using a transcriptomic approach to confirm effects observed histologically and to identify genes which were differentially expressed in treated adult female Brugia malayi.

We found that the S. carpocapsae ESPs decrease the survival of D. melanogaster adult flies, they induce the expression of certain antimicrobial peptide-encoding genes, and they cause significant reduction in phenoloxidase enzyme activity and delay in the melanization response in males flies.

Here, we report the use of next-generation sequencing to identify 1,997 distinct circRNAs expressed in adult female stages of the gastrointestinal parasitic nematode, Ascaris suum.

Characterization of morphological features showed that three types of M. graminicola-caused NFSs, type I-III, were detected during parasitism at the second juvenile (J2), the third juvenile (J3), the fourth juvenile (J4) and adult female stages.

Global transcriptional response analysis using adult female B. pahangi treated with APIs identified four additional aspartic proteases differentially regulated by the three effective drugs, as well as significant enrichment of various pathways including ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, protein kinases, and MAPK/AMPK/FoxO signaling.

A total of 17,950 genes representing the transcriptome of these free-living adult stages were obtained, among which 199 and 263 were differentially expressed between DXM-treated females and DXM-treated males, respectively, compared with controls.

In Onchocerca volvulus, that causes river blindness, we found two isoforms in adult females with homology to Bma-SLO-1A and Bma-SLO-1F at the RCK1 domain.

Mi-msp5, Mi-msp18 and Mi-msp24, which are dorsal gland genes, were found to be maximally expressed in the adult female stage, whereas Mi-msp3, which is a sub-ventral gland gene, was maximally expressed in an earlier stage.

DMT1 was highly expressed in adult female and male B. malayi and Onchocerca volvulus.

Their population in the hindgut of P. fuliginosa was controlled with a few adult females and a male.

RNA interference (RNAi) experiments showed that treatment of L3 and adult female worms with double-stranded RNA of chitinase inhibited molting of L3 worms and hatching of microfilariae.

RT-PCR analysis indicated that the S. digitata novel gene (SDNP) is expressed in adult female and male, and microfilariae.

In wild-type mice, adult female worms induce Th2 responses, characterized by antigen-specific IgG1 production, elevated IgE, and marked IL-4 secretion by splenocytes stimulated in vitro with Brugia extract.

In contrast, genes regulated by mifepristone were highly enriched for genes regulated by juvenile hormone (JH), and mifepristone rescued the negative effect of JH analog methoprene on life span in adult virgin females.

Thus, adult C. elegans males employ a neuroendocrine feedback loop that integrates food detection and genetic sex to dynamically modulate chemoreceptor expression and influence the feeding-versus-exploration decision.

To achieve this aim, adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were given right cerebral cortex injections of short hairpin RNA (shRNA) adenovirus (AV) particles to knock down arginyl-tRNA synthetase, and a non-targeting control (NTC) vector or phosphate-buffered solution served as the controls.

Hcsma2 is transcribed in all developmental stages of H. contortus but highly induced in the adult male worms.

Furthermore, incubation of adult females in 10-100 μm cyclosporin A (IC50 = 2.3 μm) inhibits the uptake of palladium mesoporphyrin to these tissues, with tenfold reductions in fluorescence intensity of the ovary.

Furthermore, SmMVP was found differentially expressed in adult males and females from the susceptible lineage.

Similar to what was observed with mammalian KCTD12-family members that interact physically with a GPCR receptor to regulate desensitization, in Drosophila Ktl may function in GPCR 5-HT receptor pathways to regulate their signalling, which is required for proper adult male behaviour.

Using genomic tools, we uncover over 700 direct dFOXO targets in adult female Drosophila. dFOXO is directly required for transcription of several IIS components and interacting pathways, such as TOR, in the wild-type fly.

Although transient starvation during early adulthood has a hormetic effect of suppressing mutation-induced muscle contractions, the treatment reduces the ability of young wild-type (WT) males to compete with well-fed cohorts in siring progeny.

Here, we use full-genome DNA microarrays to compare gene expression profiles in adult males of two mutant strains to identify new components of the regulatory network that controls ray development and function.

Expression of the beta 2-tubulin gene is developmentally regulated and the message is found predominantly in adult male worms, whereas the beta 1-tubulin gene is expressed in microfilariae and approximately equal levels of the transcript are found in male and female adult worms.

Secondly, by placing adult male fish in water containing the chemical mutagen, ethylnitrosourea, we induced point mutations in premeiotic germ cells with a rate of one to three mutations per locus per 1,000 mutagenized haploid genomes.

Bm-chs-1 is abundantly transcribed in B. malayi adult females, independent of their fertilization status, but is also expressed in males and microfilariae.

We also identified a UMW-9729 analogue, designated 25, that moderately inhibited the motility of adult female H. contortus in vitro.

In situ hybridization resulted in the identification of 14 new DG-specific candidate effectors expressed in adult females.

Using RNA interference, we have tested knock-down in the expression of genes coding for bHLH transcription factors in newly emerged adult females to determine their function in regulation of female reproduction in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum.

It was present in the oocyte nucleus of subadult female shrimp gonads but was not seen within oocytes from adult females, although it was detected in follicular cells, suggesting a possible post-transcriptional regulation of Pvfem-1 in female gonad.

We show here that while feeding metformin to adult Drosophila resulted in a robust activation of AMPK and reduced lipid stores, it did not increase lifespan in either male or female flies.

Our findings show that SmFES tyrosine kinase (1) is important in schistosomula development and survival; (2) has a role in adult worms pairing and, consequently, female maturation; (3) might be essential for egg antigen expression, thus responsible for inducing granuloma formation and immunomodulation; and (4) is essential for miracidia infection capability.

The effect is particularly obvious on adult male worms and suggests that this gender is susceptible to repetitive treatment after transmission has been blocked or greatly reduced as a result of community treatment.

Interestingly, SmINSIG showed a 10-fold higher expression in adult females as opposed to males, in accordance with its possible role in regulating egg production.

The lists of genes regulated by adult female or male worms presented here may be useful in deciphering host-parasite interactions to identify targets for schistosome elimination.

Three types of nematode-feeding sites (NFSs) caused by M. graminicola on rice were suggested, and the NFS polarized expansion stops before the full NFS maturation that occurs at adult female stage.

Three previously unreported classes of sRNA were identified: (1) 25Gs with a putative role in reproduction in adult females, (2) tRNA-derived 24-28 nt sRNAs (tsRNAs) which are predicted to target TEs in free-living females, and (3) 5'pN-enriched 26-29Cs with 5' CGAATCC and 3' TTT motifs expressed in parasitic females.

Semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (sqRT-PCR) shows that this subunit is expressed in all life-cycle stages of the worm, but appears to have reduced mRNA expression in the adult male.