WBbt:0004017 vs WBls:0000710

This conclusion is indirectly supported by the observation that SNAP-25a mRNA, but not SNAP-25b mRNA, was upregulated in the granule cells of the adult dentate gyrus 48 hours after kainate-induced neurotoxic damage of the hippocampal CA3-CA4 regions.

R-esp2, the gene encoding the closest related rat protein, is not induced by any of the four treatments in PC12 cells. rTLE3 and R-esp2 have different patterns of expression in the adult rat CNS and other tissues.

These results indicate that age-related constitutive immunosuppression did not exacerbate TCDD-induced suppression of T-cell mediated adult parasite expulsion; rather, advanced age provided some degree of protection.

Dm1, but not Dm2 sbRNA is abundantly expressed in D. melanogaster S2 cells and adult flies.

Ascl1 is similarly required for stem cell activation in the adult subventricular zone.

Here we show that when stem cells of the adult hippocampus receive activating signals, they first induce the expression of the transcription factor Ascl1 and only subsequently exit quiescence.

Syt4, the fourth identified member of the synaptotagmin family, is inducible in PC12 cells by depolarization and secretagogues, and in limbic regions of the adult rat brain by kainic acid-induced seizures.

The activity and/or expression of the mitogen-activated protein kinases c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1, p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2, as well as their substrates, the transcription factors c-Jun and activating transcription factor-2, were examined following systemic application of kainate in the cortex and hippocampus of the adult rat brain.

We conclude that c-fos gene expression occurs transiently in granule cells during postnatal development and can be rapidly re-induced in the adult following systemic injection of glutamate agonists.

Expression of the cell adhesion molecule TAG-1 is down-regulated in adult brain, with the exception of certain areas exhibiting structural plasticity.

We determined if seizure induction and seizure-induced cell death are affected differentially in young adult, mature, and aged male C57BL/6J and FVB/NJ mice administered the excitotoxin, kainic acid.

In contrast to other cell types and organ systems, chronic IKK2/NF-κB signalling in forebrain neurons of adult IKK2nCA animals did not cause a full-blown inflammatory response including infiltration of immune cells.

The Cellular Networking, Integration and Processing (CNIP) approach targets cellular mechanisms involved in pancreatic function in the organ's adult state and utilizes a synergistic mechanism that integrates three important levels of cellular regulation to induce beta cell formation: (i) glucose metabolism, (ii) membrane receptor function, and (iii) gene transcription.

The aim of the present study was to induce pancreatic beta cell formation in vivo in adult animals without stem cells and without dedifferentiating cells to recapitulate the embryonic pathway as previously published (1-3).

Our previous cell-specific transcriptome analysis of adult cochlear hair cells and supporting cells showed that Clu, encoding a secreted chaperone that is involved in several basic biological events, such as cell death, tumor progression, and neurodegenerative disorders, is expressed in hair cells and supporting cells.

TauLUM causes cell death in the adult Drosophila brain and responds to both pharmacological and genetic interventions.

Our results reveal that, upon SFTSV infection, aged ferrets experience extensive decrease of critical immune cells (particularly B and T cells) due to infection-induced cell death and excessive hemophagocytosis in hematopoietic organs, whereas young-adult ferrets rapidly clear the virus with minimal lymphocyte changes.

We report one cDNA differentially expressed in the 2-day JG cell culture that detects a 2.6-kb mRNA expressed at higher levels in newborn than adult kidney.

These results show that the growth-promoting cells controlling the development of neural circuits will be a relevant approach to promoting the regeneration of lesioned adult CNS pathways.

The Hippo pathway plays a key role in regulating cell turnover in adult tissues, and abnormalities in this pathway are consistently associated with human cancers.

Planarian flatworms maintain cellular homeostasis and regenerate through differentiation of adult pluripotent stem cells, and systemic RNA-interference (RNAi) can be induced to analyze gene function at any point after birth.

Human induced pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into any cell type of the body; however, the structural and cellular complexity of the human tissues, together with the inability of our adult body to control pluripotency, require a better mechanistic understanding.

While susceptibility to chronic infection is propagated by T helper cell type 1 cytokine responses (characterised by production of IL-12, IL-18 and interferon-gamma), immunity to intestinal-dwelling adult nematode worms is critically dependent on a type 2 cytokine response (controlled by CD4+T helper type 2 cells that secrete the cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13).

The active test samples were found to be safe revealing >10 selectivity indices (SI) on the basis of cytotoxicity to Vero cells (monkey kidney cells) and therefore selected for in vivo evaluation against primary (adult B. malayi intraperitoneal transplanted jird) and secondary (subcutaneous infective larvae induced mastomys) screens.

We observed diminished secretion of proinflammatory TNF-α in LPS activated BOMA cells stimulated with Excretory/Secretory products of adult fluke (Fh-ES).

The expression of VEGF-A, sFlt, mEndoglin and sEndoglin in cultures of canine microvascular endothelial cells stimulated with extract of adult worms of D. immitis obtained from an untreated dog (DiSA) and from a dog treated for 15 days with doxycycline (tDiSA), was determined by using commercial kits.

The expression of VEGF-A, VEGFR-1/sFlt, VEGFR-2, mEnd and sEnd in cultures of human vascular endothelial cells stimulated with somatic antigen of adult worms of D. repens (DrSA), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and DrSA + VEGF were evaluated by using ELISA commercial kits.

Cultures of human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) stimulated with excretory/secretory antigens (DiES), surface-associated antigens (Cut) from D. immitis adult worms, VEFG-A (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A), as well as DiES+VEFG-A and Cut+VEFG-A were used.

Regulatory cells were stimulated in vitro with concanavalin A (Con A; 5 micrograms/ml) or an extract of adult B. pahangi (20 micrograms/ml) for 72 hr and irradiated (1500 rads) prior to cocultivation with normal cells.

Strikingly, 17-AAG and EC-144 blocked stem cell proliferation in the skin, lung and liver schistosomula, and the testicular lobes and ovaries of adult worms.

Comparison between the protein expressed in CMT3 cells and that found in adult schistosomes showed that the parasite-derived gene product was also heterogeneous but had different molecular masses (20, 23, and 25 kDa).

Cells from filariasis patients who respond to parasite antigen by producing not only IFN-gamma but also IL-4 and IL-13 were stimulated with Brugia malayi adult worm antigen and analyzed for co-expression of cytokines by intracellular staining.

The growth factor-induced proliferation of endothelial cells was significantly suppressed by 44-51% on day 1, 46-81% on day 3, and 45-79% on day 5 in cultures containing adult female worms, which had greater suppressor activity on endothelial cell proliferation than male worms, microfilariae, or soluble adult worm extract.

The elicitation of a suppressive cell population was specific for live adults as cells from mice implanted with dead adult parasites effectively stimulated D10 proliferation.

Furthermore, when mast cell-deficient Ws/Ws rats were treated with reserpine and implanted concurrently with S. venezuelensis and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis adult worms, the establishment of the former, but not the latter, was significantly suppressed.

Apoptosis in the cells of S. japonicum adults and eggs induced by chemical or physical agents was observed.

We have previously reported that adherent peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) from mice transplanted with adult Brugia malayi parasites suppress the proliferation of lymphocytes without blocking Ag-cytokine production in vitro.

The effects of soluble mediators and medium supplements commonly used to induce chondrogenic differentiation in different cell culture systems were investigated to define their dose-response profiles and potentially synergistic effects on the chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived adult stromal (ADAS) cells.

The response of two vertebrate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family members, the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNKs), to anoxia exposure in vivo was examined in organs (liver, heart, kidney, brain, spleen) of the anoxia-tolerant adult turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans.

We have previously reported that adherent peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) from mice transplanted with adult Brugia malayi parasites suppress the proliferation of lymphocytes without blocking Ag-cytokine production in vitro.

Giant cells are part of the permanent feeding site required for nematode development into the adult stage.

We also report results from initial mechanistic studies of apoptosis in planarians, which revealed that a S. mediterranea homolog of the antiapoptotic gene BCL2 is required for cell survival in adult animals.

Galpha15 is primarily expressed in hematopoietic cells in fetal and adult mice.

Previous results from another group have shown that HP1 (SmCBX) proteins form chromatin complexes with SmMDB2/3 proteins and regulate stem cells and oviposition in parasite adult worms.

Furthermore, Ror2 and/or Ror1 are expressed in neural stem/progenitor cells of the developing brain and in astrocytes of the adult brain after injury, and they play important roles in regulating cell proliferation under these different contexts.

It is involved in regulating cell numbers in adult tissues and in eliminating 'excess' cells during embryogenesis and development.

An anti-phospho antibody against extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) recognised a 44-kDa target band in an extract of adult worms after stimulation by rSjILP in vitro, suggesting an important role for SjILP in activating SjIRs and in regulating downstream signal transduction.

Spatial localisation of smp_089290 revealed accumulation in parenchymal cells, neuronal cells, and the vitellaria and mature vitellocytes of the adult schistosome. siRNA-mediated knockdown (>90%) of smp_089290 in adult worms significantly inhibited α-NAGAL activity when compared to control worms (siLuc treated males, p<0.01; siLuc treated females, p<0.05).

Increased goblet cell differentiation (up-regulated elf3 and agr2) leading to neutral goblet cell hyperplasia on gill lamellae of R fish gills was found from 32 dpe on, when adult parasite stages were first detected.

Nevertheless, in cells stimulated with adult worm antigen, a more mixed Th0-type response was observed with production of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines.

The cells of a sensory organ on the adult notum arise from a single progenitor cell by regulated cell division.

In most experiments cell populations were stimulated with excretory/secretory antigens (ESA) derived from adult and larval worms.

This approach also resolved intestinal cell death and irreparable damage induced in adult A. suum by two NITs, establishing a new model to elucidate relevant pathologic mechanisms in adult worms.

By in vivo neutralization, we demonstrate that increased IL-9 production during the first days of infection caused accelerated mast cell degranulation and rapid expulsion of S. ratti adults from the small intestine of Treg-depleted BALB/c mice.

Our results show that although CD4+, TCR-alpha/beta + cells remain the primary source of elevated IL-4 during the secondary response, the protective immune response and the effector cell activity associated with it is B7-independent as CTLA4Ig administration at the time of challenge does not block (1) elevations in T cell IL-4 gene expression or protein secretion; (2) elevations in serum IgE levels, mucosal mastocytosis, or eosinophilia; or (3) host protection, as measured by adult worm burden and fecundity.

We discuss the cell and developmental biology of the stem cell system and the Notch regulated genetic network that controls the key decision between the stem cell fate and meiotic development, as it occurs under optimal laboratory conditions in adult and larval stages.

This pool of undifferentiated germ cells forms a proximal tumor that, in adulthood, blocks the oviduct.

In this review, we describe how the caspase activity is elaborately controlled during vital cellular processes at the level of subcellular localization, the duration and timing to avoid full apoptotic consequences, and also discuss the novel roles of non-apoptotic caspase signaling in adult homeostasis and physiology.

Taking advantage of known connectivity in C. elegans, we identified and studied cell adhesion genes expressed in three interacting neurons in the mating circuits of the adult male.

One highly regulated cell-non-autonomous switch controls proteostatic capacity in Caenorhabditis elegans adulthood.

The widely conserved heat-shock response, regulated by heat-shock transcription factors, is not only essential for cellular stress resistance and adult longevity, but also for proper development.

Through cell-specific overexpression, we show that DAF-37 regulates dauer when expressed in ASI neurons and adult behavior when expressed in ASK neurons.

P7C3 blocks 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-mediated cell death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of adult mice, a model of Parkinson disease (PD).

Analysis of the INS-18 expression pattern using a reporter gene showed it to be expressed in nerve cells, including hermaphrodite-specific neurons (HSNs) at the adult stage.

A recent conference brought together researchers with a diverse array of expertise and interests to discuss (1) the functions of HSA21 genes with relevance to ID in DS, (2) the utility of model systems including Caenorhabditis elegans, zebrafish and mouse, as well as human neural stem cells and induced pluripotent stems cells, for studies relevant to ID in DS, (3) outcome measures used in pharmacological treatment of mouse models of DS and (4) outcome measures suitable for clinical trials for cognition in adults and children with DS.

Previously, it was shown that Ktl is in a complex with the Drosophila 5-HT receptor 5-HT7, and we observed that both Ktl and the 5-HT1A receptor are required in insulin-producing cells (IPCs) for proper adult male behaviour, as well as for hyperaggressive activity induced by the mammalian 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-dipropylaminotetralin-hydrobromide.

However, cell-intrinsic gene expression mechanisms controlling adult tissue homeostasis remain poorly understood.

In addition to modulating cytoskeletal dynamics at the leading edge of migrating or outgrowing cells, both UNC-53 and the navigators are expressed in adult cells, conspicuously those with specialized roles in endocytosis or secretion.

While H3K9me2 is enriched on unpaired sex chromosomes and undergoes dynamic changes as germ cells progress through meiotic prophase, we demonstrate here that H3K9me3 is not enriched on unpaired sex chromosomes and localizes to all chromosomes in all germ cells in adult hermaphrodites and until the primary spermatocyte stage in males.

The distal tip cell (DTC) forms a mesenchymal niche that controls germline stem cells (GSCs), both to generate the germline tissue during development and to maintain it during adulthood.

Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) is known for its role in promoting cell division and cellular differentiation in developing animals, but we know surprising little about what EGF does in vivo in mature adult animals.

Intercellular calcium waves can be observed in adult tissues, but whether they are instructive, permissive, or even required for behavior is predominantly unknown.

The numbers of cell nuclei in freshly hatched and adult giant animals were found to be essentially the same as in untreated controls.

One of these miRNAs, miR-181, was preferentially expressed in the B-lymphoid cells of mouse bone marrow, and its ectopic expression in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells led to an increased fraction of B-lineage cells in both tissue-culture differentiation assays and adult mice.

Mdpy-19 is expressed in ependymal cells in the adult rat brain, embryonic neuroepithelial cells, and cultured neural stem cells.

The results of immunohistochemical, immunofluorescent and immunoprecipitation studies showed Bm-TPx-1 to be localized in the cells of the hypodermis/lateral chord in adult parasites and not to be present at the surface or in excretory/secretory products.

The human host cell factor (HCF) is expressed in a variety of adult and fetal tissues, and its gene is conserved in animals as diverse as mammals and insects.

Overexpression of the wild-type gene causes cell death and disrupts the normal development of adult structures.

Here, we report that transgenic ablation of germ cells in late development or early adulthood in Drosophila melanogaster causes elevated baseline expression and increased induction of Toll and Imd immune genes upon bacterial infection, as compared to fertile flies with an intact germline.

Mutation or loss of 6 extracellular matrix collagen genes disrupts annular furrows in adult C. elegans cuticles, causes a wide "Dumpy" body morphology, and activates osmotic, detoxification, and antimicrobial defense genes.

Here, we update the major cellular and molecular mechanisms of LKB1 in regulating neuronal polarization and neural development, and the implications thereof for promoting neural repair, axon regeneration, and functional recovery in adult mammals.

These results are consistent with an extracellular damage sensor associated with furrows in the adult cuticle that regulates environmental stress responses in adjacent cells.

Depleting core germ granule components in C. elegans leads to the reprogramming of germ cells, causing them to express markers of somatic differentiation in day-two adults.

LBL152 binds complex poly-N-Acetyllactosamine polysaccharides and also robust LBL152 binding to Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster cellular extracts was detected in microarray assays, with a seeming preference for the fruit fly adult and pupa stages over the larva stage.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant polyphenol in tea, has been shown to increase cell viability under Cd exposure and ameliorate Cd-induced kidney injury in adult male rats.

Here, we track cell death in the adult planarian Schmidtea mediterranea and find that, following light-induced cell death, pigment cell corpses transit to the gut and are excreted from the animal.

Furthermore, ectopic expression of hox genes in the quiescent anchor cell re-activates the cell cycle and induces proliferation until young adulthood.

We have shown that yeast cells cause pharyngeal obstruction, diminished feeding, and lower level of neutral lipids in adult C. elegans.

Antioxidant and antitumor characteristics of yakuchinone A in skin cancer cells as well as novel mechanisms for the inhibition of adipocyte differentiation, cestocidal activities against Hymenolepis nana adults, and nematocidal activities against Anisakis simplex larvae are investigated.

The recent link of F1/GAP-43 mRNA induction in hippocampal granule cells by KA to growth of their axons, the mossy fibers in the adult rat, suggests a potential role for the F1/GAP-43 5' flanking promoter region in regulating neurite outgrowth.

These cells, termed induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), could theoretically generate adult prostate and bladder tissue, providing an alternative strategy to study differentiation.

The overall results demonstrated that the recombinant vaccine developed in this study could induce specific humoral, mucosal, and cellular immune responses, and provides protections against different stages (adult worms and muscle larva) of T. spiralis infections in BALB/c mice, which could make it a promising oral vaccine candidate against trichinellosis.

In addition, our data show that the inhibition of parietal cell activity could be mediated by a marked upregulation of inflammatory factors, which are partly induced by adult ESP in abomasal epithelial cells.

We suggest that the two sheep breeds have disparate immune responses following infection with the parasite and that γδ+ T cells in association with eosinophils may play a hitherto unrecognised role in modulating fecundity in H. contortus adult female parasites.

Whole-cell patch clamp experiments demonstrated that lt16a could inhibit both the TTX-sensitive and TTX-resistant sodium currents in adult rat dorsal root ganglion neurons.

We have previously demonstrated that stem cells, called neoblasts, promote homeostatic tissue maintenance in adult schistosomes and suggested these cells likely contribute to parasite longevity.

Supplementation of tubers extract slightly increased the intracellular ROS in second-day adult worms and it might activate the adaptive stress response, which protects the worms from oxidative and thermal stress.

The dynamic interplay between repair pathways might be developmentally regulated, because it was lost from terminally differentiated cells in adult animals.

We hypothesized that this population could be maintained until the mature status of the cell or reveal changes that result in re-activation of precursor in adult bone marrow, culminating in accumulation of B-1 cells later.