Protein Up-regulated in daf-2(lf) 1.2

Protein Up-regulated in daf-2(lf) 2.2

abnormal DAuer Formation 27

Protein Up-regulated in daf-2(lf) 4

Protein Up-regulated in daf-2(lf) 1.1

Protein Up-regulated in daf-2(lf) 3

abnormal DAuer Formation 26

abnormal DAuer Formation 2

abnormal DAuer Formation 22

abnormal DAuer Formation 25

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When DAF-2 activity is reduced or inhibited in C. elegans, DAF-16 and SKN-1 are activated and translocate to the nucleus to promote stress resistance and prolong lifespan.

Treated worms exhibited a 57% reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and upregulation of antioxidant genes (gst-4 and sod-3), suggesting that CSS mitigates oxidative stress through the DAF-2/DAF-16 pathway.

Treated worms exhibited a 57% reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and upregulation of antioxidant genes (gst-4 and sod-3), suggesting that CSS mitigates oxidative stress through the DAF-2/DAF-16 pathway.

Our results also suggest that during normal aging, declining expression of lag-2 and daf-7 contribute to germline senescence.

The core of the signaling axis in adults, as in larvae, consists of a neuronally-expressed TGFβ ligand DAF-7 and Notch-like LAG-2 signaling from the germline stem cell niche.

The expression of daf-16, hsp-16.2 and sir-2.1 in the nematodes treated with SSA or PSF were significantly up-regulated, whereas that of the daf-2 gene was significantly down-regulated (p < 0.05).

These effects were associated with upregulation of antioxidant genes (daf-16, skn-1, sod-3, gst-4, ctl-1, ctl-2).

From this, we found that the effects of exogenous sugars on the phenotype of daf-2 mutant animals is dependent on the function of pyruvate dehydrogenase in bacteria and that the loss of bacterial pyruvate dehydrogenase genes (ex. aceE) is sufficient to mimic the effects of dietary sugars on dauer formation, longevity, and gene expression in insulin signaling deficient animals.

In C. elegans, GGT reduced lipid and glucose accumulation, prolonged lifespan, and modulated the expression of insulin signaling-related genes, including daf-16 and daf-2.

When DAF-2 activity is reduced or inhibited in C. elegans, DAF-16 and SKN-1 are activated and translocate to the nucleus to promote stress resistance and prolong lifespan.